Merkel Cell Carcinoma

The first sign of Merkel cell carcinoma is usually a fast-growing, painless nodule (lump) on the skin. The nodule may appear skin-colored, red, blue or purple. Merkel cell carcinomas usually appear on areas exposed to sunlight including the face, head, or neck, but can appear anywhere on the body.

While there are no clear causes of Merkle cell carcinoma, some risk factors may include: 

• Age (usually develops at 65 years or older)
• Light-colored skin
• Weakened immune system
• History of other skin cancers 
• Excessive exposure to natural or artificial sunlight (UV light)

In about 8 out of 10 cases, the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is found in the cancer cells. MCV is a common virus that most people are infected with as children. However, this link was only recently found and doctors are still trying to understand its implications.  

First, your doctor will learn your and your family’s medical history and perform a physical exam. 

Your doctor may refer you to a dermatologist (skin specialist). A dermatologist may perform a physical exam and also one or more of the following tests:

• Imaging tests such as CT, CAT, PET, MRI or X-ray
• Dermatoscopy (microscopic lens to see the skin closely)  
• Biopsy (removing a tiny piece of tissue for examination)

To learn how severe the cancer may be, your doctor will classify it by stage and grade.

Treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Recently, immunotherapy (using your body’s own immune system to fight cancers) has also been used. Your treatment will depend on age, overall health, cancer stage, cancer size and location, and other factors.